Samulnori (Korean percussions) practice experience Lab Report

Samulnori (Korean percussions) practice experience - Lab continue ExampleThe subsequent paragraphs give a detailed account of how the genre originated, more about the quartet mentioned instruments including their respective symbols and the material they (instruments) were made off, the pioneers of this genre and finally, the repertoire that existed for Samulnori.Samulnori is not only a development solely also a revival of a music tradition that went by the name Pungmul (also called the Framers music). Samulnori came in to being when the two Kims (Kim Doksu and Kim YogBe) first performed at a project, a shrunk form of Pungmul, which was initially characterized by a large number of actors, at times, an entire village would be urged to take up various roles for the mastery of the same. The name that the genre bears was given after a short while just after the concert by U-Song (Hesselink, 41). The name was utilise to connote both the reduced number of performers and instruments use d in the contend of Pungmul. The number of instruments (as mentioned earlier) was reduced to four, while that of performers on most occasions was also four but during some performances, the number went up by one person. Despite the changes seen, Samulnori performers retained the dress code which was being used by the Pungmul performers.As mentioned earlier, the performance of Samulnori was characterized by the use of four instruments. However, each one of them had both its cause distinctive symbol and the role it played (each instrument had something it represented and also, something was compared to). For instance, kkwenggwari, which was a small hand-held doorbell often made of either silver or gold trace, was played by the person leash a given group (all groups were led by a kkwenggwari player). The leader played the instrument by the use of the bamboo mallet. This instrument represented a star but in terms of comparison, it was compared

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Research - Essay drillDecision-making is paramount during the times of drastic changes in the shaping as it determines the success or the failure of the organization. Decision-making vouchs that the move taken in the change process have been researched on and are confirmed to hold out nether specific circumstances.According to the article, A Novel Trauma Leadership Model Reflective of Changing measure by Cecile DHuyvetter and Thomas H. Cogbill, change should be done according to the various multiplications that exist in the organization. Although this may be applied in large organizations that have employees with diverse age groups, it is applicable in most large health institutions. The findings in this article provide clear directives on how different generations should be treated because they prefer different leadership styles. I would apply these findings according to the generations. Application of these findings could ensure that the organization is in a better situation to make comprehensive and cost effective leadership models that ensure provider satisfaction at work. Most organizations have two different generations the generation X and generation Y (DHuyvetter & Cogbill, 2014). These generations are usually very comfortable at using technology and have a habit of constant communications therefore, I would use technology to communicate easily and affordably with them. Since this generation prefers work and life balance, they prefer a group approach to completing tasks. This is because they interact well with others. Therefore, ensuring that the organization fosters teamwork when traffic with these age groups would indicate effective ratiocination making and change would be accomplished with reduced causa in the organization. Since these groups also prefer the absence of hierarchy, I would also make a good decision of such a favorable workplace to be

Film and Genre Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film and Genre - Movie Review ExampleThis does not beggarly that there necessarily or fundament each(prenominal)y should be a huge amount of swashbuckling or gunfight scenes. A mental picture can well be an transaction and adventure genre movie if there is enough action or incidents happening around the main character. Anformer(a) important sight of an Action and Adventure genre movie is that it should have enough narrative formats that can be termed as simple. (Berkowitz, 189)Thus, the three movies selected for the essay falls easily between the lines of an Action and Adventure genre movie. In event each of these selected movies occupies its unique positions. October Sky contains no physical action but the character of the movie is forever on a move in the psychological place setting and is adventurous in nature which genuinely sets the essence of the movie. This movie falls in the line between a Drama and an Action and Adventure genre movie. Shaft on the different snuff it is a completely action packed flash and could be positioned at the central position of the graph where October Sky occupies one subvert of the graph. The other end of the graph is Hero. This movie falls in the line between an Action and Adventure genre movie and a Costume drama. But all these three movies are well bracketed within the genre Action and Adventure.The first movie in contention is October Sk... come rocket scientist.This is a movie about a teenager who observes the Sputnik, launched by the soviet space agency, racing across the sky and decided to indulge his keep into rocket science. As Homer is over-showed by his older brother, a local football star, his ambition is render by the dust of the char fields in the mining township of Coalwood where the ultimate destiny of both teenager is to work as a coal miner. The social structure of this locality deprives any imagination process that tries to overcome the social brackets of the coal mines and Homers father is no different. He is unable to judge big in the context of intellectual freedom and the procedure is just the extension of the local neighborhood, or in other words, the coal mines. As we have seen in the novel Germinal by Emil Zola, the local characters other than Homer tends to be engrossed by the day to day living and livelihood of the mines and are just unable to think beyond the parameters of their circumstances. (Kar, 254)In this scenario, Homer finds himself in a situation where he finds no alternative other than rockets to opt for a better living. He tries to influence other kids to help him build rockets. The two other teens who agreed to help him out in this matter appears to be no as foresighted as Homer and are generally reluctant with a tint of amusement included to it.But all is not that muted after all. As in our social life, Homer finds a supportive hand in his mother and his school teacher. This is another aspect of the movie that moves us so much and generates a s ense of euphoria simply because a lone rider is never a lone rider in the real world and its societies. What ever and where ever and when ever there is a mission on its way it is the societys underlying aspect to

Heart Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Heart Failure - Essay ExampleHeart failure is a long-run chronic condition that is diagnosed when the heart fails to pump enough fresh oxygen-rich blood. Emphasising this perception, the study will critique the inquiry conducted by Korajkic, Poole, MacFarlane, Bergin & Dooley (2011) assessing their justification to all the consequences and implementations of pharmacist intervention on ambulatory heart patients. A tiny assessment will also be conducted based on the research projecting the ethical norms of humane participants. Notably, Korajkic et al. (2011 126) concludes that there are significant differences between the groups when concerning pharmaceutical doses, which relate to heart failure-related knowledge as head as understanding, which will also be discussed in the following report. Nevertheless, the reviewing also notes that in order to elicit the relevance of the report, approval was obtained from Alfred Human Research Ethics committee and Monash University Human Rese arch Ethics Committee but lacking any further information about obtaining free consents from the human participants. This certainly increases the harshness of the inference drawn in the article that the pharmaceutical interventions developed the capability of patients concerning heart failure to self-adjust its water pill dosage by using a flexible dosing schedule based on patients weight, resulting in worth of life enhancement and a decrease in hospital readmission due to fleece (Korajkic et al., 2011).

The Increasing Collaboration in U.S. Military Essay

The Increasing interruptionlaboration in U.S. host - Essay ExampleThe challenges that they encounters in their quest to transform and adapt to more collaborative strategies ar discussed. Areas that the soldiery has attained success during its collaborative endeavors have been mentioned. Further, a clear description of collaboration is presented, including those involved with the troops, the objectives of soldiers in collaborating and the present status as intumesce as the success measures. Introduction In multitude warfare, the world is increasingly embracing collective and collaborative efforts in accomplishing the soldiery activities and practices effectively. Collaborative efforts are practice in military command relations, joint operations, strengthening personnel and equipment, training and tactics as hygienic as in fostering cultural relations. Collaboration develops best in environments where relationships are mutual and well nurtured (Bushe, 2010). In military oper ations and practices, collaboration with other stakeholders is perceived as problematic because the military forces are compelled to certain demands with the collaborative partners. The collaboration partners may be perceived with element of suspicion, leading to reluctance in sharing information on matters of national security out of fear. Consequently, collaborative work in military is more pervasive and complex. The United States military forces are working toward increased collaborative methods because of their understanding of how to advance collaborative work. Growing U.S. Military Collaboration Description of Collaboration Collaboration is the practice and concept of obstetrical delivery appropriate individuals jointly in productive ways with proper information to establish genuine goals and strategies for tackling the gross issues of the collaborative organizations or communities. This practice or concept is practiced because it helps to deal successfully with complex or ganizational or community issues. Collaboration strategies can be employ as a means of make social capital, sustaining a democratic society and transforming the civic culture of communities or regions besides being used to address public concerns. Collaboration requires that the shared issues be addressed through engagement, dialogue, inclusion and power sharing. usual learning is a basic concept in collaborative working. The collaborating partners mutually benefit from the relationship to encounter common goals and objectives through sharing responsibilities, accountability as well as authority for achieving the set results. Collaboration involves sharing of information and knowledge by the partners, and cooperation and coordination to help achieve the objectives (Chrislip, 2002). Involved Parties Multiple stakeholders are ordinarily involved in collaborative work with the U.S. military personnel, depending on the desired goals and objectives to be accomplished. The U.S. milita ry collaborates with noncombatant interagency, such as civilians from U.S. Department of State and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) among other organizations. The civilian interagency helps the U.S. military personnel in counterinsurgency operations and activities. The interagency for example, helped the U.S. military through collaboration in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq to facilitate reconstruction and development of the nations and advising the military on how to reach out to the indigenous communities (Green, 2012). U.S. military col

Human resourse development (HRD) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human resourse development (HRD) - Essay ExampleHowever, in order to incorporate a new approach it is essential for organizational leaders to direct the efforts of teams towards the same. This highlights the take in for an stiff leadership development program. Customer Service Training A guest centric preparedness moldiness necessarily include quality aspects of services, after sales services, feedback and complaints, repeated grease ones palmss or even blowup or reduction of node base. However, it must be understood that this cooking is not meant only for the client service executives only. It must be aimed at both customer service executives as well as other employees of the organization. The focus must be towards enhancing the quality aspects of the services so as to expand customer base of the keep company substantially. The program must begin with training on soft skills. This would includes aspects like effective communication, call control, phone etiquette, maintain ing rapport with customers, conflict resolution etc. Often soft skills play a major role in attaining the confidence, trust and loyalty of customers. Researchers like Schneider and Bowen (1995) have particularly shown a relevance of customer loyalty and profitability of firms. They have found that customer satisfaction not only influences the obtain intensions of customers but also their post purchase attitude towards the service provider. The positive relationship between customer loyalty and organizational profitability was also established by the research result finding by Nelson (Hallowell, 1996, p.28). The training can be delivered in a classroom environment in which both the extrospective and introvert learners would social welfare. The initial classes on information sharing and exchange would benefit the introvert learners, and the practical sessions would benefit the extrovert learners as per the respective qualities of extrovert and introvert learners presented by Myers . One of the most crucial aspects of the training program must be quality. It is important that the quality of services must be maintained at all costs so as to maintain the loyalty and support of customers and enhance repeat purchase behaviour from them. If the customer support executive in the company makes a commitment to a customer he or she must abide by it under all conditions. This can be in terms of time, quality and even after sales services. Customer service training must be directed towards the creation of a business culture which is customer specific and aimed towards attainment of greater customer loyalty and satisfaction of customers. After sales service is another important aspect in which executives must be trained. This is particular important for enhancing repeat purchase behaviour of customers from the company. Failure of performance of a intersection point or service creates dissatisfaction or discontentment among customers in which they might not consider purch ase from the company the next time. In such cases, after sales services plays a crucial role in restoring the confidence of customers in the company all over again. Effective after sales services attention to overcome potential flaws of the services and retain loyalty of customers too. Thus employees can be trained on ways to cater to customer needs and requirements. Training on etiquettes, politeness,

Gender criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

sex activity criticism - Essay ExampleThroughout the novel, disparities in gender roles emerge whereby the rootage depicts male characters as the superior sex compared to their female counterparts. Advancing this perception are traditions entrenched within the puritanic era, which influenced the authors perception of gender. According to the author, females adulated the males regarding them as superior beings capable of making pivotal decisions despite females divergent perspectives. In addition, James description of females best exemplified real life squeamish women however, his description of his male characters contrasted that of Victorian males. The Victorian zeitgeist regarded women as proper, docile beings preoccupied with safeguarding their reputations. For example, despite the Governess infatuation with her employer, she refrained from acting on her emotions, as she stood to discoloration her reputation. Conversely, the male characters in the novel were far from being chivalrous or moral men, as were Victorian men. The master of Bly did not concern himself with matters pertaining to the two children left under his charge whereby he opted to hire governesses to head care of the children, as he engaged in selfish pursuits. In addition, a conversation mingled with Mrs. Grose and the Governess revealed that an employee named Quint was sexually promiscuous, a behavior shunned by Victorian males.The author best exemplified disparities in gender roles through the Governesss treatment of the children. She expects Flora to be courteous, flawless and conscious about her behaviors. However, she is less faultfinding of Miles behaviors bordering on the extent that she encourages him to be a infinitesimal naughty (James 12- 15). In addition, Miles takes offence when the Governess presumes to compare him to his little sister. He remarkedAn analysis of the main female characters shows that there exist generational differences among the women, which were

Human postural Sway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human postural Sway - Essay ExampleIn this paper we dumbfound the observation where 10 healthy subjects of mean age 25 are examined to find out a affinity between postural sway during quite-stance and perturbation with and without muscle fatigue. We also observe the effect of quite a little on postural sway on both normal and fatigued conditions.Human control of upright piano personify posture involves inputs from several senses (visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, somatosensory) and their central interactions. Multiple sensory systems of humanity body are elusive in tandem for controlling quite standing. Studies show that there is an indirect and presumably cognitive relationship between visual effects on posture control and their intersensory interactions (BLMLEA. et al, 2006).During quite stance position, center of slew (COM) is stabilized over base of support by using low level muscular movements and body sways around the point of support like an inverted pendulum (Johanss on R, Magnusson M, Akesson M. 1988). This led to the hypothesis of inverted pendulum. Any defect, revolution or mal carrying out of the sensory or motor components increases body sway and hence increases the muscle activity to maintain postural equilibrium (Dietz V. 1992). Minor perturbations occurring during normal stance can be counteracted by the regulating of ankle muscles (Schieppati M et al, 1994 and McClenaghan BA et al 1996).Muscle fatigue is a complex phenomenon that has been defined as a reduction in the force-generating capacity of muscles, regardless of the task performed (Bigland-Ritchie B, Woods JJ.1984). Though, how fatigues affect the postural control system is not clear there are several fatigue related mechanisms problematic at different levels of the nervous system that could affect the regulation of these small forces. Muscle fatigue causes disaster of transmission of neural signals and disables the muscles to respond to the neural currents (Bigland-Ritchie B, Woods JJ.1984). Muscle fatigue also alters the basic functioning of complete nervous system and causes failure of motoneurons excitement. Effects of a muscle fatigue on human postural sway can be studied by inducing momentary fatigue by physical exertion. Studies show a mild difference in effects of a fatigue on sway with and without vision (Lepers R. and Nardone A. et al). To examine the effects of a fatigue on human postural control, in this experiment muscle fatigue is induced in ankle

Asthma Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Asthma - Case Study ExampleAn asthma exacerbation fag end be performd by allergens (Sequeria & Steward, 2007). There are those who only have asthma attacks as a leave alone of an allergic reaction. firearm it still remains unclear just what causes asthma in general, every soulfulness varies as to what their asthma triggers are. Asthma a condition that results from three major processes, which are airline inflammation, intermittent air flow obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (Morris & Mosenifar, 2011)..These three processes are present in every episode of asthma respiratory tract Inflammation Airway inflammation is the result of inhaling substances that are triggers for the patient (Sequeria & Steward, 2007). Substances such as toxins that are inhaled base activate airway mast cells which bear IgE antibodies. The antibodies lead to inflammatory responses as the mediators, such as histamine, cause mucus hypersecretion and plasma leakage (Sequeria & Steward, 2007).T his inflammation results in epithelial changes, basement membrane changes, and submucosal infiltration with activated lymphocytes and eosinophils (Guill, 2004). Chronic airway inflammation drop result in airway reconstruction and make upd airway resistance (Sequeira & Stewart, 2007). Intermittent airflow Obstruction The mucus hypersecretion that is a result of the airway inflammation causes airflow obstruction. This obstruction makes it very difficult for the patient to breathe, as fresh air cannot be received by the lungs. It is also often the cause of the coughing that often coiffes as one of the symptoms of asthma. Airflow obstruction is considered to be often reversible, unlike the restructuring that may result from chronic airway inflammation (Sequeira & Stewart, 2007). However, such obstruction has render the concern that earlier and more aggressive interventions may be necessary (Guill, 2004). Airflow obstruction can become very severe and even fatal. Without any interve ntion the hypersecretion of mucus can fill the lungs and occlusive the ability to breathe altogether. Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness There is a lack of complete understanding when it comes to bronchial hyperresponsiveness (OConnor, 1993). While the understanding of this process in not complete, there have been some additions to the knowledge base brought slightly by numerous clinical studies. The search to fully understand the process persists. What is known about bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma is that it is directly correlated with disease severity (OConnor, 1993). There is a relationship amidst the airway inflammations that is characteristic in asthma to bronchial hyperresponsiveness, but, unlike inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness can not serve as an asthma diagnostic. Instead, bronchial hyperresponsiveness has been defined as a functional disorder reflecting a movement to airflow obstruction (OConnor, 1993). Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness only serves to compou nd the problem of airflow limitations, as it works to increase dyspena. The bronchodilators that are often used in the sermon of asthma have no benefits in the treatment of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. (Van Schayck & Van Herwaarden, 1993). In addition to inhaled toxic substances as triggers, it has been found that asthma can be the result of nerve activity in some patients. There are

The challenges an organisation may face in implementing a performance Essay

The challenges an organisation whitethorn face in implementing a performance and reward strategy - Essay ExampleOur motive at this point of stage is to agree that each and every employee gives his or her level best for Pentangellis. In methodicalness to achieve this we have to orchestrate the system. The initial stage would be to clearly divide the three brands to a lower place Pentangellis. Once having done that, we go forth authorize an individual person who will be responsible in managing each of the brands. They will be reporting to the highest authorities in Pentangellis. Doing this will help us to admit a clear characteristic in the three brands. After having done that we will be victimisation performance appraisal, 360 degree evaluation to evaluate the employees. This will help them to get a clear usher of the employees. Once done, they sack be asked to improve upon their weakness. In order increase their performance and productivity, they need to give a friendly at mosphere with them. Appreciation helps in motivation so hard workers would be rewarded. lastly creating a good social platform with the employees will help them get motivated and create a sense of belonging in the company. PENTANGELLIS Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 PENTANGELLIS 2 Introduction 4 Recommendations 4 Total Reward Management 6 Alignment 6 Employee Value 7 Cost 7 Conclusion 8 References 11 Introduction Having read the total case of Pentangellis it is clearly evident that the brand gradually started crumbling after the fast expansions done by Luca. The management clearly could not handle the pressure of the growth. Our motive at this point of stage is to ensure that each and every employee gives his or her level best for Pentangellis. In order to achieve this we have to organize the system. The initial stage would be to clearly divide the three brands under Pentangellis. Once having done that, we will authorize an individual person who will be responsible in managi ng each of the brands. They will be reporting to the highest authorities in Pentangellis. Doing this will help us to maintain a clear distinction in the three brands. Recommendations As discussed in the introduction we will be dividing Pentangellis into three verticals. First, the eatery in the five star hotel which will be run by Luca. There will not be any change in the management and Luca will be solely responsible for it. He will not be interfering in the other two verticals. The Bistros known as Take 5 will be managed by Tina as it has been doing very well under her expertness of public relations. Sean though he is not keeping well will be handling the Gastro Pubs. He does not need to be present there physically. As mentioned in the case study Sean had prescribed managers in each of the gastro pubs. We need to ensure that these managers have thorough knowledge of the restaurant business. Preferably they should be having a background in hotel and restaurant management. (Cannell, 2007) They will be responsible for managing the restaurant. Sean will be getting timely reporting from then as and when required. The managers will have the authority to take simple twenty-four hours to day decisions. Sean will only be prompted when some major judgment needs to be done. Sean can visit the gastro pubs whenever he wishes to and see as to how things are being run. This is the first plan of action. The next exposit will be performance management and a reward system. An organization is run by the employees. So in order to maintain the success, we need to ensure t

American National Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American National presidential term - Essay ExampleThe Supreme Court had never occasion to rule on freedom of lecture issues until opponents of conscription during WWI were prosecuted for sedition. These cases established that speech that presented as clear and present danger to the government could be prohibited. This definition has remained the courts operative principle in such cases since that time. Since cases began to be brought before the court in the 1970s concerning play financing, the Court has consistently refused any limitation on the right of candidates to spend money, but just as consistently allowed the strict limitation of direct policy-making contributions (so that, for example, an extremely wealthy individual could not single-handed finance the campaign of any candidate but himself). The Supreme Court has always held that flag burning, scarce because of it unpopular and wildly politically inflammatory character, is protected speech.a. push A push pool is a sort of telemarketing campaign disguised as a telephone poll in which the political operatives call potential voters and ask them leading or unfair questions meant to alter their political views.b.

Effects of climate change in an area Term Paper

Effects of climate transform in an reach - Term Paper ExampleIntroduction To further talk of climate diversify it is important to discuss what climate change is. humour change can be identified by, a long depot shift in climate measured by changes in temperature, precipitation, wind, and other indicators. (G everyplacenmentofCanada2011). Climate change is basically the result of too much pollution within earths atmosphere. The pollution causes the oz angiotensin converting enzyme layer to engender thin. The thinning of the ozone layer allows earths climate to become warmer than usual. The slow increase in earths temperature creates an effect on earths resources. Because of these changes, navals, wildlife and nature have been forced to admit and many creatures and habitats have become unsuccessful in adapting. History of Climate Change Climate change is said to have begun during the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was a time during the 1800s when manufactur ing began to take oer the world. According to, The Cambridge Dictionary of Scientist, the increase of carbon dioxide has jumped overwhelmingly since the mid 1800s. Studies on carbon dioxide levels show that the stringency of carbon dioxide in ppmvs has gone up by over one hundred. Many things that one may see and do everyday atomic number 18 contributors to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The more or less common contributor is human transportation. Almost every type of human transportation emits carbon dioxide into the air. Planes, automobiles, trains and anything that ruin fuel is a contributor to climate change. Automobiles are not the only contributor. Manufacturing plants are all over the world and can account for huge carbon dioxide emissions. An article by The New York Times explains, consume lunch in a cafeteria can cause climate change (Rosenthal2010). One may analyse the truth of the given claim. How can ingest lunch at a cafeteria cause climate chan ge? The answer is simple. Many of the foods in a cafeteria are produced in a manufacturing facility. Manufacturing facilities create carbon dioxide. When eating foods that have been made by creating harmful gasses, one is contributing to global thawing which creates climate change. Climate Change effects on the Ocean Climate change is harmful to the earths nautical. pissing is a necessary for survival. The ocean, like many other weewee sources does not stand still. The ocean circulates. The circulation allows for water to remain fresh. The circulation of water is like natures own way of cleaning itself. The winds of the air drive most of the oceans circulation (Toggweiler2008). The warming climate changes the way that the winds blow. Since the winds are changed, so is the way that the ocean circulates. The changes in water circulation due to climate change have their affects on our oceans. The ocean cools and warms by circulation. It is obvious that the changes in circulation wi ll have its affects on the ocean. Since the ocean makes up more than half of the earth, it is important to keep the ocean temperatures stable. Change in ocean temperature cause many problems. The warming of the ocean because of climate change and global warming has its affects on ocean life. Coral in the Mediterranean, is becoming bleached and no longer produces as vibrant of colors (Global changing Biology2005). The bleaching of the coral is not the only problem that affects the ocean. Fish and fisherman dependent on fishing are affected by the climate change of

Critical summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Critical summary - Essay ExampleThe basic discernment for the victory is always attributed to the fact that the Chinese Communist Party was the core of power (Christine, pp.20-24). disparate students are giving different reasons as to why China had to go to war and the post war effects. Different views held by the people with reference to the popular party Communist party and its role in winning the war are examples of the effects of a poorly managed education curriculum in China. This chapter connects to the other chapters in the sense that it Chinese history tends to omit relevant historical facts and is often biased (Christine, p.30.This can be related to my understanding of a childs growth whereby whatever that he/she learnt while preadolescent is what he/she becomes. According to Jean Piagets theory of Cognitive development (Christine, pp.35-45).Christine. M. Vanchella.Coon, Dennis, John.O.Mitterer, and Shawn Talbot. substructure to Psychology Introduction A gateways to Mind and Behaviour. Belmont, Calif Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010.

See the dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

See the dis - Essay ExampleThose affected have their wellness distinguish affected and boosting their activity by making their bones strong and health (47). Unhealthy feeling contributes to cordial disturbance especially when the disease seems to fall out of hand.From my perspective, this selection is critical from the so far dangers associated with osteoporosis. Notably, this actualisation will go a long way in reducing the number of dependants, increasing per capita, and the everyday GDP. Alongside healing the disease and making the affected healthy, economic boost should be seen as a reason for customers to buy. This is of value since economic progress is key to every country especially when the progress has health backing. Health nation means a wealthy nation.To a potential employer, providing me with employment will wanton away a critical role in contributing to the already realized companys success. Of importance, fruition of a product that seeks to heal a controversial d isease means that as the product gets cognize to the public, the companys reputation is promoted. The potential employer must understand that the company will get world-wide with the product. Additionally, chances of other realizations are extremely high meaning that the growth of such a company is

The Importance of Self-Expression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Importance of Self-Expression - try on ExampleThis is what Charlotte Perkins Gilman explained in her literary work in 1892, The Yellow Wallpaper. With her own personal experiences on this predicament, she narrated her poignant tale of suffering, depression and nervousness. She asserted that vitality can be achieved only when pent-up emotions ar given the right of self-determination. In her case, or of her narrator, suppression of emotions and lack of genial stimulation jeopardized her sanity and further worsened her mental illness rather than curing it. The monotony in her life turned off to be detrimental in her psychological well-being. As aforementioned, a creative thinker needs an outlet to contain the imagination it holds. This imagination is meant to be projected and communicated. Hence, a simple idea existing in nous can provoke a reaction and convey it in a coherent, lucid form. Be it in a form of art, words, plain gestures or even military posture, these demonst rateions are a form or a medium for chat. If this linkup is held back, only trouble brews inside the estimation without some(prenominal) release or escape. Without release, mind and body, both go in a state of helplessness and lunacy. And this is what the narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper experienced. In her case, insanity took over because of her powerlessness to control her life. The constant reminder of not exhausting herself from any mental or physical work by her physician husband, John, situates her in a mental asylum. His patronizing attitude and lack of understanding about her feelings reduces their relationship into ...trust me as a physician? (Gilman 278) one. Rather than interacting and understanding his wifes problem, he abandons her to isolation of the house to cure her depression. Assuming that isolation from work and an idle mind would heal depression was actually not the right conjecture here. Its because of this her imagination soars to new heights. With nil wo rthy to do except stare at objects around her, she falls for the menacing yellow wallpaper in her bedroom. The horrid wallpaper then becomes her personal consolation and a subservient object of her exclusive attention. She obsesses about discovering the intricate patterns and for the first time feels the thrill of the power to solve the enigmatic wallpaper patterns. The connection she feels after every discovery of the patterns is what excites her. This is how normally a sane person would react too. The need to express and share discoveries is ubiquitous and expressing ones self or ones perception is profound. Without self-expression, the communication process simply stops. The silence then becomes darkening and intimidating. And then eventually, the purpose of living easily succumbs to the abusive hole of nothingness. If this can disappoint a sane person, then the narrator of the The Yellow Wallpaper was already a victim of nervousness. The burgeoning desire to confront her probl ems permits her to discover means of expression. But the restrictions imposed on any mental and physical work shun her mental capability. This provokes her to find reprieve in keeping a secret diary. By jotting her feelings, she finds a relation with the dead paper and a great informality to my mind (Gilman 272). As she figures that her insight on any mundane task isnt appreciated or understood by any of her family member, she resorts to writing. It becomes her sole companion who without any questions listened to her whine about her

Culture Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Culture Case Study - test ExampleThe criteria surveyed on are multifariousness recruiting policies, leadership development initiatives, training programs, opportunity for mentorship and activeness of employee similitude groups. All these points to a successful cross cultural management that we can learn from and worth to lineament studied into.Touching on race and heathen diversity in the case deliberate, there in addition are some theories that focus on positive predictions or possible positive outcomes of racial/ethnic diversity. This comes from a value in diversity perspective (Cox, 1993 and Cox et al., 1991) which argues that diversity creates value and benefit for team outcomes. radical performance is thought to be enhanced by having broader resources and multiple perspectives (Hoffman, 1959). Particular to race, some studies (McLeod et al., 1996 P.L. McLeod, S. Lobel and T.H. Cox, Ethnic diversity and creativity in small groups, Small Group Research 27 (1996), pp. 248-26 4. Full Text via CrossRefMcLeod et al., 1996 and Watson et al., 1993) oblige found that ethnically diverse scat teams make better decisions than homogeneous teams.The general assumption that underlies these theories is that an add-on in racial or ethnic diversity means that a work group go forth experience possible positive outcomes such as increased information, enhanced problem s... oblem solving ability, creative conflict and debate, increased creativity, higher quality decisions, and increased understanding of different ethnicities/cultures. This is true for our case study as Mark Welch, Director of Global Diversity & Inclusion at Northern Trust says in the article (l.5). Because of the diverse background of each individual and culture, when faced with the same problem in the work group, different solutions emerged from the respective culture. Since each culture is unique and so there ordain be differences, which results in a bigger pool of ideas generated to achieving a pr oblem. This increases the number of comparisons of ideas between one to another. As a result, combinations and hybrids of solutions will surface giving rise to more information. What will be beneficial is that the ability to solve problems will be enhanced since there is an acquirement of new perspectives to solve the same problem, meaning if certain conditions impedes the slaying of one solution, another solution acquired to the same problem may be more viable. This syndrome is a trial impression of increased creativity of the individual or of the group. Being in a diverse group, common brain will tell that being sensitive to anothers race or ethnicity or hostility will arise. In view of this, to cater to the care of a co-colleague emotions and perspectives very much individualized in a person, and at the same time to disagree maturely based on facts, the way is to bring across constructively conflicts and debates. To achieve so, one will need to seek out the understanding of anot hers race and ethnicity if an authentic family relationship is to be established in the work place. With the increased solutions, there will come about the selection of the best solutions and the motivation

Explain the Influence of Management Style on the Nature of the Employment Relationship Essay Example for Free

Explain the Influence of Management Style on the Nature of the Employment Relationship EssayIt endlessly a great deal for commission to dress effectively in an organization, it is because they be the ones that are always look into by the people indoors the gild. With the policies and guidelines that they reveal for the employees in order for them to achieve their goal effectively is the primary(prenominal) reflection on the watchfulness port they implement and want to follow in the social club. That is why in order for a company to succeed, management is always one of the principal(prenominal) key, because it provides a purify deal on addressing the main issue of kindred as well as policies. What is important for the management is that, no matter what and how they provide their management course in an organization, it should have positive output for both its people and also the stakeholders. Or always divulge a way to strike the balance between the two, because if people in the organization will non be given over the right attention, it will be hard for company to survive, since these people are called as the front liners and the reflection of these performance will surely be reflected on the service they provide for the customer.On the other hand for the stakeholders, they maybe people that do not want to know more near how people or staff deals with their work, and more focus on the stability of the company, or evidently bottom line. But, in order to achieve this in that location should be leader that must(prenominal) rear in front which will lead all these into reality. They say that a heavy leader is a good coach as well as moderator these people are some of the very fewer people that knows how to encourage and provide hope for people and convert them to be an asset in the company and instead of a nemesis.Because there are other managers who thinks of efficient and effective people as threat, threat because they can overthr co nsume the manager, because some managers are not that highly motivated and do not want to take exception themselves, that is why well-nigh companies development or progress are hardly achieve by these occasion tripping managers who would not want to see potential leaders to be what they deserve they can be, and inte4ad they be given challenge, they are either creation ignored or left behind.For most effective managers or leaders who really provide great influence in an organization, they see company as business, not finance. This is the problem with some appointed managers or managers that are just being assigned without really intellectual the position well. Actually managers are not financial comptroller, where the latter works more on how to dominance expenses but look into prioritizing how to increase sales and revenues.Managers forget the fact that they must lead and not always focus on the financials, because if they focus on the financials they should not be manager any more, instead they should be running(a) in the accounting or finance department. Another is that, managers are in the company to provide doing and not just lesson. They must also provide community action, an action that would really help the company to go to its greatest potential and always dwell on how to prioritizing the important activities that needs to be done.For being an action man or woman in the company, it is also easy to find respect from the organization, since there is always hard work shown, and all of these provides great influence and eventually will result to triumph in the interlocking relationship within the organization. (Heller, R, 2007, pars. 4 and 9). Employee relations and theoretical interpretation In employment relation to employment relation, there are varied types of theory that is applied in an organization. These are (1) unitary Theory, (2) Pluralist Theory, System, (4) Marxist, (5) Feminist, (6) Comparative, and (7) Postmodernism.For unitary th eory, it is the existence of a single policy or authority that is being practice within the organization. This type of management theory is known in the very early years, where leaders form their own rule in the basis of what they think is right and people are mostly not given the rights to contradict or over rule the policy or guideline that was implemented. Classical Pluralism, is however is considered as the form of management is greatly influence by an electorate political multitude or any group that holds power over the society.Their main power is strengthen by the ideology that come from the community or societal group and this form of management style is well supported since it is perceived as for the good of many and not just from the group. System theory focuses is focusing on the inter-disciplinary representation of field science, which is multiform nature of science, nature and science are the main basic on this theory. This also means that in every decision there is al ways a scientific explanation which needs to be followed or adhered.For Marxist theory, its philosophy mainly focuses on the diverse theory that Karl Marx which is mainly in the light of communism, this theory mainly involves such diverse fields like, aesthetics, ethics, ontology, epistemology and the philosophy of science as well. This is made popularize in the early strict and communistic era in Russia. On the theory about Feminism, it also provides a wide variety of discipline which mainly focuses on the common ideology of womens role in politics, and these include anthropology, sociology, economics, women as well as gender studies.This form of management looks after on the main concern of the greater women in the community which can be effectively being applied in the form of management within the organization. Lastly, for the theory about Postmodernism, which only shows that most of the people here are great fun of opportunities, like on and off the job training, like in the ca se of a project that will be eventually be started since the government has allocated some ideas in the organization.These theories have provided different impact in the organization since every theory is applied appropriately in the companies. It also provides a clear guideline as to how people can be managed effectively. Like take for instance a company that lies on the service that they provide, for example a company of systems development, which has given the authority to let users to move in forming and firming the management standards and practices that the company must used.For the last two theories for management practices, comparative and post-modernism, for the first theory, co-op theory, this form of management, shows big importance to the greater majority of the people and these is brought out by the well collaborative effort shown from the employee and the management as well. This also shows that management must play big attention in their respective stores in a typic al look and feel of the organization. (Hollinshead, Nicholls, and Tailby, 2003, pp. 9-41). The Importance of incorporated Bargaining in an OrganizationFor some companies accepting the presence of a Union is not that well accepted, because for some management it is just a source of employees of pushing other request that might even defeat the main vision or mission of the company. In fact the main objective of it is to provide a better deal of the needs of the staffs and not just raising some wants, which may lead to negative result. Companies or staffs must not always look into having an agreement that focuses not only for employee compensation or benefits but it should also focus on some other concerns like safety and help provision.This is because most industry, most especially manufacturing companies, automatically has a union and it provides a clear directive on what the policy that must be followed and this exploit must be strictly be send and follow up users. Collective barg aining has it own process which helps the management and the employees union to follow for better understanding of its agreement. In Ireland, this process is formed in a way that corresponds also to the company guidelines which is important to have it more grateful and well respected by the stakeholder. (How Has Collective Bargaining Happen in Ireland, 2007).

Chinese Literature Essay Example for Free

liftese Literature Es grade2000 by Andre Levy All rights mute No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any cast or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information retentivity and retrieval system, with turn up permission in. penning from the publisher. The Association of Ameri ordure University Presses Re consequence on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The constitution used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of Ameri tail end National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of subject for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39. 48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levy, Andre, date La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique. English Chinese literature, past and classical / by Andre Levy translated by William H. Nienhauser, Jr. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-253-33656-2 (alk. paper) 1. Chines e literatureHistory and criticism. I. Nienhauser, William H. II. Title. PL2266. L48 2000 895. 109dc21 99-34024 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 01 00.For my own early translators of French, Daniel and Susan Contents ix warm-up 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Antiquity 5 I. Origins II. Let a nose candy flowers bloom, Let a 100 give lessonss of conception contend 1. Mo zi and the Logicians 2. Legalism 3. The Fathers of Taoism III. The Confucian Classics 31 Chapter 2 Prose I. Narrative Art and Historical Records II. The cave in of the antediluvian Style III. The Golden Age of Trivial Literature IV. Literary Criticism Chapter 3 poetry 61 I. The Two Sources of past poesy 1.The tenors of Chu 2. Poetry of the Han Court II. The Golden Age of Chinese Poetry 1. From Aesthetic Emotion to Metaphysical Flights 2. The Age of Maturity 3. The Late Tang III. The Triumph of Genres in Song Chapter 4 Literature of Entertainment The unexampled and Theater 105 I. Narrative Literature Written in mere Chinese II . The Theater 1. The Opera-theater of the North 2. The Opera-theater of the South III. The Novel 1. Oral Literature 2. Stories and Novellas 3. The Long Novel or Saga Index 151 Translators Preface.I first became- interested in translating Andre Levys accounting of Chinese literature, La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique (Paris Presses Universitaires de France, 1991), in 1996, after finding it in a bookshop in Paris. I read pieces and was intrigued by prof Levys approach, which was modeled on literary genres rather than political eras. I immediately cerebration about translating split of the book for my graduate History of Chinese Literature class at the University of Wisconsin, a class in which the importance of dynastic change was a akin downplayed. Like many an new(prenominal)(prenominal) plans, this mavin was set aside.Last spring, however, when the add-in on our fields desiderata headed by David Rolston at the 1998 Association for Asian Studies Meeting pronounced that one of the study needs was for a concise history of Chinese literature in about 125 pages (the involve length of prof Levys original text edition), I revived my interest in this explanation. I proposed the book to prat Gallman, Director of indium University Press, and John approved it more than or less immediately- scarcely, not before warning me that this kind of rove can take ofttimes more time than the translator originally envisions.Although I respect Johns implement and knowledge in publishing, I was sure I would prove the exception. After all, what kind of trouble could a little book of 125 pages cause? I soon found out. professor Levy had originally written a much coherenter manuscript, which was to be published as a supplementary hatful to Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequiers La Litterature chinoise (Paris Presses Universitaires de France, 1948) in the Que sais-je? (What Do I Know? ) series.This concept, however, was soon abandoned, and it Several decades ago Anne -Marie Geoghegan translated this volume as Chinese Literature (New York Walker, 1964). x Translators Preface was decided to publish the Levy appendix as a separate volume-in 125 pages. Professor Levy was because asked to load his manuscript by one- thirdly. As a result, he was many generation threadd to presume in his audience certain knowledge that some contributors of this book-for example, undergraduate students or interested parties with little background in Chinese literature-may not collect.For this reason, shapeing c arfully with Professor Levy, I have added (or revived) a number of contextual sentences with these readers in mind. More information on many of the authors and works discussed in this history can be found in the entries in The Indiana companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (volumes 1 and 2 Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1986 and 1998). Detailed germs to these entries and other relevant studies can be found in the Suggested Further Reading se ctions at the end of each chapter (where the abbreviated reference Indiana Companion refers to these two volumes).I also discovered that re-translating Professor Levys French translations of Chinese texts sometimes resulted in renditions that were too far from the original, even in this age of distance education. So I have translated al closely all of the more than 120 excerpts of original works directly from the original Chinese, using Professor Levys French versions as a guide wherever possible. All this was done with the blessing and cooperation of the author. Indeed, among the many mint who helped with this translation, I would like to especially thank Professor Andre Levy for his unflinching interest in and sanction of this translation.Professor Levy has read much of the English version, including all passages that I knew were problematic (there argon no doubt others ), and offered comments in a immense series of letters over the past few months. Without his care the trans lation would never have been completed. Here in Madison, a trio of graduate students have helped me with questions Translators Preface xi about the Chinese texts Mr. Cao Weiguo riftlal, Ms. Huang Shuyuang MV and Mr. Shang Cheng I*.They saved me E, from innumerable errors and did their work with interest and laid-back spirits. Mr. Cao also helped by pointing out problems in my interpretation of the original French. Mr. Scott W. Galer of Ricks College read the entire manuscript and offered a number of invaluable comments. My wife, Judith, was unrelenting in her demands on behalf of the general reader. The or so careful reader was, however, Jane Lyle of Indiana University Press, who painsta mightly copy-edited the text. If there is a literary style to this translation, it is due to her efforts.My thanks, too, to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation which supported me in Berlin with the summer of 1997 when I first read Professor Levys text, and especially to John Gallman, who stood behind this confinement from the beginning. Madison, Wisconsin, 16 February 1999 (Lunar New Years Day) Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical Introduction Could one still write, as Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier did in 1948 in the What Do I Know series Number 296, which preceded this book, that the study of Chinese literature, long neglected by the Occident, is still in itsinfancy? Yes and no.There has been some spectacular get along with and some foundering. At any rate, beginning at the start of the twentieth century, it was Westerners who were the first-followed by the Japanese, before the Chinese themselves-to produce histories of Chinese literature. Not that the Chinese tradition had not taken note of an ontogenesis in literary genres, but the prestige of wen 5 signifying both literature and civilization, pose it above history-anthologies, compilations, and catalogues were preferred.Moreover, the habitual side of literature-fiction, drama, and oral verse-because of its lack of seriousness or its vulgarity, was not judged dignified enough to be considered wen. Our finishing is not to add a new work to an already lengthy list of histories of Chinese literature, nor to come after the excellent summary by Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier which had the impossible task of presenting a history of Chinese literature in about a hundred pages. Our desire would be rather to complement the list by presenting the reader with a different approach, one more concrete, less dependent on the dynastic chronology.Rather than a history, it is a picture-inevitably incompleteof Chinese literature of the past that this little book offers. Chinese high literature is found on a hard core of classical training consisting of the memorization of texts, nearly a half-million characters for both candidate who reaches the highest competitive interrogatorys. We dexterity see the classical art of writing as the arranging, in an trance and astute invent, of lines recalled by memory, s omething ,Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier, Introduction, La litterature chinoise (Paris Presses Universitaires de France, 1948), p. 5Que saisje, no. 296. 2 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical that came almost automatically to traditional Chinese in proveectuals. The goal of these writers was not solely literary. They hoped through their writings to earn a reputation that would help them find support for their efforts to pass the purple civil-service examinations and thereby eventually win a position at court.Although there were earlier tests leading to political advancement, the system that existed nearly until the end of the imperial cessation in 1911 was known as the jinshi A or presented scholar examination (because successful candidates were presented to the emperor), and was unquestionable during the late seventh and early eighth centuries A. D. It required the writing of poetry and essays on themes set by the examiners. Successful candidates were hence given minor position s in the bureaucracy.Thus the memorization of a huge principal sum of earlier literature and the ability to compose on the spot became the major qualifications for political office through most of the period from the eighth until the early twentieth centuries. These examinations, and literature in general, were composed in a classical, standard language comparable to Latin in the West. This classical language persisted by opposing writing to speech through a sort of partial bilingualism. The strict proscription of vulgarisms, of elements of the spoken language, from the examinations has helped to maintain the pureness of classical Chinese.The spoken language, also labeled vulgar, has produced some literary monuments of its own, which were recognized as such and capable as classics only a few decades ago. The unity of the two languages, classical and vernacular, which share the same inherent structure, is undermined by grammars that are appreciably different, and by the fact that these languages hold to diametrically opposed stylistic ideals lapidist concision on the one hand, and eloquent vigor on the other.We conclude by pointing out that educate Chinese add to their sur bes, which are always given first, a not bad(p) variety of personal names, which can be disconcerting at times. The standard given name (ming Introduction 3 is often avoided out of decorum thus Tao Qian Miff is often referred to En We will retain only the by his zi (stylename) as Tao Yuanming best known of these names, avoiding hao at (literary name or nickname), bie hao ZIJM (special or particular literary name), and shi ming (residential name) whenever possibleWhen other names are used, the standard ming will begiven in parentheses. The goal here is to modify the reader to form an idea of traditional Chinese literature, not to plant a history of it, which might result in a lengthy catalogue of works largely unknown today. We are compelled to turn over quantity to present a extra number of literary stars, and to reduce the listing of their works to abandon the citation of a number of previously unpublished translations, inevitably abridged but sufficient, we hope, to evoke the subject of the original.The chronological approach will be handled somewhat roughly because of the need to follow the development of the great literary genres after the presentation of antiquity, the period in which the roughhewn culture of the educated elite was established, comes an examination of the prose genres of high classical literature, then the description of the art most esteemed by the literati, poetry. The final section treats the literature of diversion, the most discredited but nonetheless highly prized, which brings together the novel and the theater.Chapter 1. Antiquity Ancient literature, recorded by the scribes of a rapidly evolving warlike and aristocratic society, has been carefully preserved since earliest times and has become the basis of Chinese lettered cult ure. It is with this in mind that one must(prenominal) approach the evolution of literature and its role over the course of the two-thousand-year-old imperial government, which collapsed in 1911, and attempt to understand the importance (albeit more and more limited) that ancient literature retains today.The term antiquity applied to China posed no problems until certain red ink historians went so far as to suggest that it ended only in 1919. The indigenous tradition had infinited the break around 211 B. C. , when political unification brought about the establishment of a centralized but prefectural government under the Legalists, as well as the famous burning of books opposed to the Legalist state ideology. thus far to suggest that antiquity ended so early is to minimize the contribution of Buddhism and the transformation of thought that took place between the third and seventh centuries.The hypothesis that modernity began early, in the eleventh or perhaps ordinal century in China, was developed by Naito Konan NAM 1 (1866-1934). This idea has no want of critics or of supporters. It is opposed to the accepted idea in the West, conveyed by Marxism, that China, a living fossil, has neither entered modern times nor participated in the global civilization that started with the Opium War of 1840.Nor is there unanimity concerning the periodization proposed in historical linguistics, a periodization which distinguishes Archaic Chinese of High Antiquity (from the origins of language to the third century) from Ancient Chinese of Mid-Antiquity (sixth to twelfth centuries), then Middle Chinese of the Middle Ages (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries) from advanced(a) Chinese (seventeenth-nineteenth centuries), and Recent Chinese (18401919) from Contemporary Chinese (1920 to the present). 6 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical.In the area of literature, the beginning of the end of antiquity could perhaps be placed in the secant century A. D. Archaeology has elevat ed our knowledge of more ancient writings toward the beginning of the second millennium B. C. , but this archaic period, discovered recently, cannot be considered part of literary patrimony in the strictest sense. Accounts of this archaic period are traditionally divided into six eras,2 but to honor them would be to fall into the servitude of a strictly chronological approach.I. Origins Since the last year of the last century, when Wang Yirong . 1. 6M (1845-1900) compiled the first order of battle of inscriptions written on bones and tuckers, the increase number of archaeological discoveries has allowed the establishment of a corpus of nearly 50,000 inscriptions extending over the period from the fourteenth to the ordinal centuries before our era. Dong Zuobin (1895-1963) proposed a periodization for them and distinguished within them the styles of different schools of scribes.Scholars have managed to decipher a third of the total of some 6,000 distinct signs, which are clearly related to the system of writing used by the Chinese today-these were certainly not primitive forms of characters. The oracular inscriptions are necessarily short-the longest known text, of a hundred or so characters, covers the scapula of an ox and extends even over the supporting bones the shell of a southern species of the great tortoise, also used to record divination, did not offer a more extensive surface.Whether a literature existed at this ancient time seems rather doubtful, but this scriptural tell causes one to consider whether eras are the early Chou dynasty (eleventh century-722 B. C. ), the Spring and Autumn era (722-481 B. C. ), the Warring States (481-256 B. C. ), the Chin dynasty (256-206 B. C. ), the Western or Early Han dynasty (206 B. C. -A. D. 6), and the Eastern or Latter Han dynasty (25-A. D. 220). 2These Chapter 1. Antiquity 7 the Shu jing Efg (Classic of Documents), supposedly rewrite by Confucius but often criticized as a spurious text, was based in part o n authentic texts.The presence of an early sign representing a bundle of slips of wood or bamboo confirms the existence of a primitive form of book in a very ancient era-texts were written on these slips, which were then bound together to form a fascicle. The purpose of these ancient archives, which record the motivation for the diviners speech, his identity, and sometimes the result, has been ignored. Of other nature are the inscriptions on bronze that appeared in about the eleventh century B. C. and went out of fashion in the second century B.C.They attracted the attention of amateur scholars from the eleventh century until modern times. Many collections of inscriptions on stone and bronze have been published in the intervening eras. The longest texts extend to as much as cardinal-hundred signs, the forms of which often seem to be more archaic than those of the inscriptions on bones and shells. The most ancient inscriptions indicate nothing more than the person to whom the bron ze was consecrated or a commemoration of the name of the sponsor.Toward the tenth century B. C. the texts evolved from several dozen to as many as a hundred signs and took on a commemorative character. The inspiration for these simple, solemn texts is not always easily discernible because of the obscurities of the archaisms in the language. An phone of certain pieces transmitted by the Confucian school can be seen in some texts, but their opacity has disheartened many generations of literati. II. Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend This statement by Mao Zedong, made to launch a liberalization movement that was cut short in 1957, was inspired by an exceptional period in Chinese cultural history (from the fifth to the third centuries 8 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical B. C. ) in which there was a proliferation of schools-the hundred schools. The various masters of these schools offered philosophical, often political, discussion. The growth of these schools paralleled the rise of rival states from the time of Confucius (the Latinized version of the Chinese original, Kong Fuzi TL-T- or Master Kong, ca. 551-479 B.C. ) to the end of the Warring States period (221 B. C. ).The hundred schools came to an end with the unification of China late in the third century B. C. under the Legalist rule of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. ). This era of freedom of thought and intellectual exchange never completely ceased to offer a model, albeit an unattainable model, in the search for an alternative to the oppressive ideology obligate by the centralized state. Much of what has reached us from this lost world was saved in the wake of the reconstruction of Confucian writings (a subject to which we will turn shortly).The texts of the masters of the hundred schools, on the periphery of Orthodox literati culture, are of uneven quality, regardless of the philosophy they offer. Even the best, however, have not come close to dethroning the C hinese Socrates, Confucius, the first of the great thinkers, in both chronology and importance. 1. Mo Zi and the Logicians. The work known as Mo Zi (Master Mo) is a collection of the writings of a sect founded by Mo Di g, an obscure personage whom scholars have precious to make a contemporary of Confucius.It has been hypothesized that the name Mo, ink, referred to the tattooing ofa convict in antiquity, and the given name, Di, indicates the pheasant feathers that decorated the hats of the common heap. Although we can only speculate about whether Mo Zi was a convict or a commoner, he argued for a kind of bellicose pacifism toward aggressors, doing his best to promote, through a utilitarian process of reasoning, the demand of believing in the gods and of practicing universal love without discrimination. Condemning the extravagant expense of funerals as well as the uselessness of art and music, Mo Zi Chapter 1. Antiquity 9 wrote in a style of discouraging weight.The work that has com e down to us under his name (which appears to be about two-thirds of the original text) represents a billing which Chinese civilization explored without ever prizing. Mo Zis mode of argument has influenced many generations of logicians and sophists, who are known to us only in fragments, the main contribution of which has been to demonstrate in their curious way of argumentation peculiar features of the Chinese language. Hui Shi Ea is known only by the thirty-some paradoxes which the incomparable Zhuang Zi cites, without attempting to solve, as inThere is nothing beyond the Great Infinity.. . and the Small Infinity is not inside. The antinomies of reason have nourished Taoist thought, if not the other way around, as Zhuang Zi attests after the death of his friend Hui Shi Zhuang Zi was accompanying a funeral procession. When he passed by the cipher of Master Hui he turned around to say to those who were following him A fellow from Ying had spattered the result of his nose with a bit of plaster, like the wing of a fly. He had it outback(a) by his crony the work Shi, who took his ax and twirled it around. He cut it off, then heard a wind the plaster was entirely removed without scratching his nose.The man from Ying had remained standing, impassive. When he learned of this, Yuan, the sovereign of the country of Song, summoned the carpenter Shih and said to him, Try then to do it again for Us. The carpenter responded, Your servant is capable of doing it however, the significant that he made use of died long ago. After the death of the Master, I too no longer can find the material I no longer have anyone to talk to. (Zhuang Zi 24) Sons of the logicians and the sophists, the rhetoricians shared with the Taoists a taste for apologues.They opposed the Taoist solution of a 10 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical detached non-action, involved as they were in diplomatic combat. Held in contempt by the Confucians for their Machiavellianism, the Zhanguo ce Vg (Intrigues of the Warring States) remains the most representative work of the genre. It was hypothesize several centuries later by Liu Xiang gj 1-(4 (77-6 B. C. ), but the authenticity of these reassembled materials seems to have been affirm by the discovery of parallel texts in a tomb at Mawang Dui gUttg in 1973.A great variety animates these accounts, both speeches and chronicles they are rich in dialogue, which cannot be represented by this single, although characteristic, anecdoteit is inserted without commentary into the intrigues (or slips) of the state of Chu The top executive of Wei offered the King of Chu a beautiful girl who gave him great satisfaction. Knowing how much the new woman pleased him, his wife, the queen, showed her the most intense affection. She chose clothes and baubles which would please her and gave them to her it was the same for her with rooms in the palace and bed clothes.In short, she gratify her with more attention than the king himself accorded her. He congratulated her for it a woman serves her husband through her carnal appeal, and green-eyed monster is her nature. Now, understanding how I love the new woman, my wife shows her more love than Iit is thus that the filial son serves his parents, that the loyal servant fulfills his duties toward his prince. As she knew that the king did not consider her jealous, the queen suggested to her rival The king appreciates your beauty. However, he is not that fond of your nose. You would do better to hide it when he receives you. Therefore, the new one did so when she saw His Majesty. The king asked his wife why his favorite hid her nose in his presence. She responded, I know. Even if it is unpleasant, tell me insisted the king. She does not like your odor. The brazen hussy cried the sovereign. Her nose is to be cut off, and let no one question my order Chapter 1. Antiquity 11 The Yan Zi chunqiu *T-*V( (Springs and Autumns of Master Yen) is another reconstruction by Liu Xiang, a collection of anecdotes about Yan Ying RV, a man of small stature but great ability who was prime see to Duke Jing of Qi (547-490 B.C. )-the state that occupies what is now Shandong.Without cynicism, but full of shrewdness, these anecdotes do not lack appeal some have often been selected as anthology pieces, of which this one is representative When Master Yan was sent as an ambassador to Chu, the concourse of the country constructed a little gate next to the great one and invited him to enter. Yan Zi refused, declaring that it was suitable for an envoy to a country of dogs, but that it was to Chu that he had come on assignment. The chamberlain had him enter by the great gate.The King of Chu real him and said to him Was there then no one in Qi, for them to have sent you? How can you say there is no one in Qi, when there would be darkness in our capital of Linzi if the people of the three hundred quarters spread out their sleeves, and it would rain if they shook off their persp iration-so dense is the population. precisely then why have you been sent? The practice in Qi is to dispatch a honorable envoy to a worthy sovereign I am the most unworthy. . . . 2. Legalism.The diplomatic manipulations and other little anecdotes we have seen in the Yan Zi chunqiu were of little interest to the Legalists, who took their name from the idea that the hegemonic power of the state is founded on a system of implacable laws supposing the abolition of hereditary privileges-indeed a tabula rasa that rejects morals and traditions. In fact, historians associate them with all thought that privileges efficacy. From this point of view, the most ancient Legalist would be the artisan of Qis hegemony in the seventh century B. C. , Guan Zi (Master Guan).The work that was transfer down under his name is a composite text and in reality contains no material prior to the third century B. C. Whether or not he should be considered a Legalist, Guan Zi 12 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical embodies the idea that the power of the state lies in its prosperity, and this in turn depends on the circulation of goods. In sum, Guan Zi stands for a proto-mercantilism diametrically opposed to the primitive physiocraticism of Gongsun Yang (altV (also known as Shang Yang ), minister of Qin in the fourth century.Shang jun shu 1 (The 2 Book of Lord Shang), which is attributed to Gongsun Yang, gives the Legalist ideas a particularly brutal form It is the nature of people to notice that which is advantageous to them, to seize the best, and to draw to themselves that which is profitable. The enlightened lord must take care if he wants to establish order in his country and to be able to turn the population to his advantage, for the population has at its government activity a great number of means to avoid the strictness that it fears.Within the country he must cause the people to consecrate themselves to farming without he must cause them to be singly utilise to warfare. This is why the order of a sage sovereign consists of multiplying interdictions in order to prevent infractions and relying on force to put an end to fraud. (Shang jun shu, Suan di) Shang Yangs prose is laden with archaisms, which hardly lighten the weight of his doctrine. It is in the work of Han Fei Zi 4-T- (ca. 280-233) that Legalism found its most accomplished formulation.The book Han Fei Zi contains a commentary on the Classic of the Way and of Power of Lao Zi in which the ideal of Taoist non-action is realized by the automatism of laws. The artifice of the latter may go back to the Confucianism of Xun Zi (Master Xun, also known as Xun Qing ,Ajja, ca. 300-230 B. C. ), a school rejected by orthodox Confucianism. Xun Zi, who happens to have been the teacher of Han Fei Zi, developed the brilliant theory that human nature inclines individuals to satisfy their egoistic appetites it was therefore bad for advanced societies of the time. The rites-culture-are requisite for socializati on.Xun Zis Chapter 1. Antiquity 13 argumentation was unprecedentedly elaborate, examining every facet of a question while avoiding repetition. In a scintillating style peppered with apologues, Han Fei Zi argues that the art of governing requires techniques other than the simple manipulation of rewards and punishments. The prince is the cornerstone of a system that is supposed to ensure him of a protective impenetrableness. The state must devote itself to eliminating the useless, noxious five parasites or vermin the scholars, rhetoricians, knights-errant, deserters, and merchants (perhaps even artisans).3. The Fathers of Taoism. A philosophy of evasion, this school was opposed to social and political engagement. From the branch Taoism was either a means to flee society and politics or a form of solace for those who encountered reversals in politics and society. The poetic power of its writings, which denounced limits and aphorisms of reason, explains the fascination that it continu es to hold for intellectuals educated through the rationalism of the Confucians. These works, like most of the others from antiquity that were attributed to a master, in fact seem to be rather disparate texts of a school.The Dao de jing ittitg (Classic of the Way and of Power) remains the most often translated Chinese workand the first translated, if one counts the lost translation into Sanskrit by the monk Xuanzang WM in the seventh century A. D. This series of aphorisms is attributed to Lao Zi (Master. Lao or The aging Master), whom tradition considers a contemporary of Confucius. He is said to have left this testament as he departed the Chinese world via the Xiangu Pass for the West.In their polemics against the Buddhists, the Taoists of the following millennium used this story as the basis on which to affirm that the Buddha was none other than their Chinese Lao Zi, who had been converting the barbarians of the West since his departure from China. Modern scholarship estimates th at the Lao Zi could not date earlier than the third century B. C. The 1973 discoveries at Mawang Dui in Hunan confirmed what scholars had suspected for centuries the primitive Lao Zi is reversed in respect to 14 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classicalours a De dao jing 1,M1 (Classic of Power and the Way).Its style, which is greatly admired for its obscure concision, seems to owe much to the repair work of the reader Wang Bi . T3 (226-249). Thus it is tenable that the primitive Lao Zi was a work of military strategy. Whatever it was, the text that is preferred today runs a little over 5,000 characters and is divided into 81 sections (9 x 9). The Taoist emplacement toward life is expressed here in admirably striking formulae, which lend themselves to many esoteric interpretations He who knows does not speak he who speaks does not know (56).Govern a great state as you would fry small fish (60). Practice non-action, attend to the useless, taste the flavorless. (63) The Zhuang Zi ate , written by Zhuang Zhou 4. -B1 or Zhuang Zi (Master Zhuang), was apparently abridged at about the same time as the Lao Zi, but at the hands of the commentator Guo Xiang -IM (d. 312), who cut it from fifty-two to thirty-three sections. Scholars cannot agree whether the seven initial sections, called the inner chapters, are from the same hand of Zhuang Zhou as the sixteen following, called the outer chapters, and the final ten miscellaneous chapters. It is in the final ten that we find a characteristic arrangement of reconstructions from the first century, works of one school attributed to one master. In fact, it is the first part which gives the most lively impression of an encounter with an animated genius whose mind is strangely vigorous and disillusioned Our life is limited, but knowledge is without limit. To follow the limitless with that which is limited will exhaust one. To go unrelentingly after knowledge is exhausting and c.

Free

exemption Riders Es allegeImportant events in the Civil Rights cause that occurred between 1942 and 1961, like an oblige that was written in the Washington Post (may 16 1961 ), and the James Zwerg chance and another things that happened were things like sits in (or lunch ins) boycotts against public transportation and , several undisturbed protests. The license riders were nonbelligerent protestors, Most of the events that occurred where in the south where in that location was still a lot of discrimination, inequality and segregation.So when the freedom riders were created raft thought they were instigators because the freedom riders were trying to change the way the people in the south were nutriment. A lot of events occurred during the time frame 1942 to 1961, and most of them showed how they were self-possessed protestors The Freedom riders were not instigators of peace , they were just people fighting for what believe was right the freedom Riders were taking a stan d, and were sought out as instigators of ferocity because they were changing the way people used to live.An editorial article in washington post on May 16 talks about how Alabama calls itself the heart of dixie which is a saying for places that so kindness and hospitality, the writer for this article is saying how can Alabama seduce the title of heart of confederation when it is not fulfilling the name it has been given. The writer goes on to say that The freedom riders engaged in no robustious conduct and did nothing to provoke violence-save to exercise a constitutional right. , the writer is saying that the Freedom Riders have not done anything wrong and have not provoked violence intensensionally.More evidence viewing that the Freedom Riders were not instigators of violence is a statement made to the Department of Justice by Robert F. Kennedy on May 24, 1961 saying that other than the Freedom Riders thither were people seeking their own goals like specialness seekers and pu blicity seekers. those people would act like Freedom Riders entirely have their own goal in mind and that is what caused the Freedom Riders to be seen as instigators of violence, when in fact they were nonaggressive protestors.The Freedom Riders were peaceful protesters and in the transcript of an interview of a Freedom Rider Arrested in Jackson,Mississippi you will see how there were peaceful and how they were treated wrong. This Freedom Rider talks about how when blacks were coming from down from the north to south they were greatly harassed. When this Freedom Rider was being registered into the Hinds County Penitentiary one of the guards hold him verbalize One thing you got to come back is while youre here, this is Mississippi and if one of my guards says anything to you, you answer yes, sir, no,sir. do you understand, the Freedom Rider could have said something back to the to guard and stood up for himself but he did not he kept quiet and peaceful showing he was not an ins tigator or provoker of violence. More evidence can be found in a the Beloit Magazine written in spring of 1989 . in this magazine there is an article about one of the Freedom Rides for James Zwerg. The article takes about how he was assaulted, beaten near death.Zwerg was attack by multiple men and was given no prompt health check attention, He was unconscious in Montgomery Hospital for two and a half days, James Zwerg goes on to say that he would have probably been dead if someone did not interfere and protect him. This shows that the Freedom Riders were peaceful protesters because he could have fought back and had a fight chance , but he chose not to showing that they were peace Some may say that the Freedom Riders were not peaceful protesters , may say that rather the Freedom Riders were Instigators Of violence instead.The Freedom Riders knew what they were getting into , when they tried to change the ways of the people living in the south, and they should have expected to receiv e discrimination and harassment. In the New york Times ( a Newspaper) there was an article entitled eyes on the prize written on June, 4th 1961, there was an article that basically says that the Freedom Riders have made began to provoke violence, and should stop because they have made their straits but, that is hinder because in the whole picture the Freedom Riders ere Peaceful protesters, the Freedom Riders did not finish making their point , yes they knew that the journey of finding peace would be hard they had to make a change. Thats why the Freedom Riders were peaceful protesters. The Freedom Riders were on a journey of finding peaceful in America , and there were a lot of incidents, but for them the incidents were worth it. The Freedom Riders were peaceful protesters because there were so many opportunities that they could have retaliated but they chose not to , rather the Freedom Riders choose to keep the peace to the best of their abilities, and that is why they were peacef ul protestors.

Childrens literature Essay Example for Free

Childrens literature Essay instruction is one of the most outstanding alivenesslong activities. Young electric razorren are connected with tuition and books long before they actually last how to read. It st arts when a electric razor has the first book in his hand or when parents read to him from a book. It is a howling(prenominal) way for young tiddlerren to spend time together with their parents. The interaction that is going on between a squirt and parent when they are yarn together has some important components. One of them is predictabilityas these activities usually occur on a regular schedule and follow a regular pattern of steps. raillery is evident as these activities are done for fun. Language is used to construct meaning and take ideas. The child gets opportunities to lead the activity, the parent is modeling address and reading material behavior and together they develop their own slang expression for m both ideas. In this way parents intuitively use t he lab method to teach their children about language, print, and books (Daniels, 1994, p. 37). A child understands that a book is connected with something pleasant for him and his important adults, something that makes them feel good.He understands the meaning of the backchat for an object long before he gouge say this word. Later he starts to understand that in that location are pictures and words in books and that they countenance some meaning. This is first step in developing reading abilities and love towards books. The joy of reading and love of books is crucial for each childs development it is measured not unaccompanied in school success only in like manner in meaningful social interactions. This has been a ten-spot of technological advances. From iPods to electronic readers children are bombarded with electrical images and stimulations.But the surprising truth is that even with all the advances in electronics and gadge exploit, reading to children and having them rea d is still one of the most important skills to contain a child. Reading to a child wad promote a childs cerebral and emotional development. While any positive interaction between parent and child is subservient, reading is always a sure conjure way to gain a positive foothold into a childs life. Books open doors to bare-assed ideas, cultures and concepts. By reading to young children a parent helps instill a love of books in children and helps them indigence to read more.The internet is a great learning resource for children as well as adults but a good reading ability should come first and foremost. Without a strong reading talent a child is unable to use the internet to its full potential. The Parents Role in Fostering a Love of Reading A parent is a partner in the life of his or her child. Parents send away instill a love of books and delight in wordplay, develop pre-reading skills and help children bend accomplished independent readers. Listed below are several ways to incorporate a joy of reading in a child. Read to the child every day.Start as early as possible. Books on tape sack up also be utilized. Sing nursery rhymes and childrens songs. As early as possible help the children obtain a library card. Treat books as though they are special. appoint books at Christmas, birthdays and as rewards. Let the child make picture books by cutting out pictures from magazines or pictures they colored and glue them into homemade books. Make sure the child sees the parent reading. It doesnt have to be a book reading parvenuspapers, magazines, or even the back of a cereal box can provide an example. When reading loudly, read with expression and excitement. Give the child opportunities to write even if it is unreadable. Let the child tell a humbug that the parent writes down. When it is completed let the child illustrate the story. Let the child pick the story for story time. Let the child help parents cook following a chemical formula card or cookbook.Books Help Children Develop Vital Language Skills Reading is an important skill that inevitably to be developed in children. Not only is it necessary for survival in the world of schools and (later on) universities, but in adult life as well. The ability to learn about newfangled subjects and find helpful learning on anything from health problems and consumer protection to more academic research into science or the arts depends on the ability to read. The more children read, the better they become at reading. Its as simple as that.The more enjoyable the things they read are, the more theyll stick with them and develop the reading skills that theyll need for full nark to information in their adult lives. Reading should be viewed as a pleasurable activity as a source of entertaining tales and useful and interesting factual information. The more young children are read to, the greater their interest in mastering reading. Reading out loud exposes children to proper gram mar and phrasing. It enhances the development of their spoken language skills, their ability to express themselves verbally.Reading, by way of books, magazines or websites, exposes kids to new vocabulary. Even when they dont understand every new word, they absorb something from the context that may deepen their understanding of it the next time the word is encountered. When parents read aloud to children, the children also hear correct pronunciation as they see the words on the page, even if they sanctimoniousness yet read the words on their own. Reading Can Open Up New Worlds and ameliorate Childrens Lives As mentioned above, reading opens doors doors to factual information about any subject on earth, practical or theoretical.Given the wealth of available resources such as Internet, libraries, schools and bookstores, if children can read well and if they see reading as a source of information, then for the rest of their lives they will have access to all of the stash away knowl edge of mankind, access to all of the great minds and ideas of the past and present. It truly is magic Through books, children can also learn about people and places from other parts of the world, improving their understanding of and concern for all of humanity.This, in turn, contributes towards our sense that we truly live in a global village and may help us bring about a more peaceful future for everyone. This can happen through nonfictional prose but, perhaps even more importantly, reading novels that are set in other places and time periods can give children a deeper understanding of others through identification with individual characters and their plights. Through stories and novels children can vicariously try out new experiences and test new ideas, with no negative consequences in their real lives.They can come across characters who theyll enjoy returning to for comforting and satisfying visits when they reread a cherished book or affect a sequel. Books also give kids the prospect to flex their critical thinking skills in such areas as problem solving, the concepts of cause and effect, conflict resolution, and acceptance of responsibility for ones actions. Mysteries allow children to follow clues to their logical conclusions and to try to promise the author. Even for very young children, a simple story with a repetitive refrain or a simple mystery to influence gives a confidence boost.Children can predict the patterns and successfully solve the riddles. Children are influenced by and imitate the world around them. While a steady diet of bowelless cartoons may have a detrimental effect on childrens development, carefully chosen stories and books can have a positive influence on children, sensitizing them to the needs of others. For example, books can encourage children to be more cooperative, to share with others, to be kind to animals, or to respect the natural environment.Reading Can Enhance Childrens tender SkillsAlthough reading is thought of as the quintessential solitary activity, in certain circumstances reading can be a socializing activity. For example, a parent or grandparent reading a story aloud, whether from a traditional printed book or from an ebook, can be a great opportunity for adult and child to share some quiet, relaxed quality time together away from the rush and stresses of the business of daily living. They share a few minutes of precious time, plus they share the ideas that are contained in the story.In addition, sometime(a) children can be encouraged to read aloud to younger ones as a means of enhancing their relationship. At school or at a library story hour, books can bring children together and can be part of a positive shared experience. For some preschoolers this may be their primary opportunity to socialize and to learn how to behave around other children or how to sit quietly for a aggroup activity. Make the most of this experience by encouraging children to talk about what theyve read or h eard.Reading Can Improve Hand-Eye CoordinationIt may sound funny, but ebooks can be a way for children to advance their fine motor skills and their hand-eye coordination, as they click around a childfriendly website or click the backward and preliminary buttons of online story pages. They may also be picking up valuable computer skills that theyll need in school and later in life. Reading Can Provide Children with Plenty of Good, Clean Fun Ive deliver the most important point for last. Reading can provide children with endless hours of fun and entertainment. all in all of the virtual(a) reasons above arent at all necessary to justify readings place in childrens lives.Stories can free up imaginations and open up exciting new worlds of fantasy or reality. They allow children to dream and may give them a good start on the road to viewing reading as a womb-to-tomb source of pleasure so read to your young children every day. Inspire your older children to read. Give them access to plenty of reading material that theyll enjoy and discuss it with them. Sample everything traditional printed books and ebooks on Internet, classic childrens novels and pansy tales, as well as more modern stories.If a child wants to hear the same story over and over again, dont worry about it. Children take comfort from the familiarity and predictability of a beloved story that they know by heart. Theres no harm in that. Reread old favorites and, at the same time, introduce your children to new stories. Your childs mind and heart have room for both. So Reading Really Does Matter After All There are so many ways in which reading continues to be both a vital skill for children to master, and an important source of knowledge and pleasure that can last a lifetime. advert it in your children. Make the most of all the resources that are available and waiting for you printed books, online books, magazines and so forth. Encourage recapitulation activities involving creative writing skills and the arts, as well, so that your children can reflect upon or expand on what theyve clothed and, at the same time, develop their own creativity. As you help your kids appreciate the magic of reading, youll find that theres a whole wonderful world full of childrens literature out there that youcan enjoy too.

John Dewey on Education Essay Example for Free

keister Dewey on Education Essay lavatory Dewey, Mortimer Adler and Nel Noddings impacted our system of raising in very profound ways. Dewey believed that there should be communication mingled with the hold backer and the teacher. Adler believed that schools should only teach the traditional courses (English, Math, Science, Social Studies and Foreign Language). Noddings believed that teachers should be more caring towards their scholars. John Deweys subject of education greatly affected our system of education today. John Deweys ideas for education were to concentrate on scholarly persons psychological and sociological qualities. Dewey believed in promoting an unconscious education where the individual gradually comes to dish out in the intellectual and moral resources which humanity has succeeded in getting together. He becomes an inheritor of the funded capital of nicety (Dewey 261). In other words, he thought this was a good rule for teachers to analyze a students b ehavior in order to teach them more effectively. This also provided an opportunity for the student to learn without correct realizing it.Dewey provinced that a students psychological needs were the basis of his method of education. The peasants own instinct and powers furnish the material and give the starting-point for all education (Dewey 262). Dewey stressed the idea that, Without insight into the psychological structure and activities of the individual the educative process willbe haphazard and exacting (Dewey 262). Dewey was also extremely interested in the companionable aspects of a student. He said that the, knowledge of societal conditions, of the present state of civilization, is necessary in order to properly interpret the nippers powers (Dewey 262). This was a new technique for an educator to fill and distinguish the instincts and tendencies in a student.Therefore, in order for an educator to know more or so a student he/she must first study the students psychol ogical traits in order to understand the unique characteristics of a childs capacities, interests and habits. because the teacher must translate their findings into terms of what they believe the child is capable of in a social setting. In my opinion, Dewey guideed a balance between the dialectic of academics and emotive goals. This is also known as transaction, which is having both(prenominal) the teacher and the student interact in the classroom.Dewey believed that the academic goals of education should be, a process of living and non a preparation for future living (Dewey 263). He stated that the teachers job is not to influence him unless to help guide the student into successfully forming with the community by letting the student induce well-nigh life occurrences. The teacher is not in the school to impose certain(p) ideas or to form certain habits in the child, but is there as a member of the community to select the influences which shall affect the child (Dewey 263 26 4).Dewey also believed that tests should only be used to examine a childs social capabilities in the real world. Examinations atomic number 18 of use only so far as they test the childs fitness for social life and reveal the place in which he can be of the some service and where he can receive the most help (Dewey 264). In my opinion, this would be more of a conceptual test where the child can voice his or her own opinions. Deweys main emotional goals were to deepen the childs meaning of himself and his value. It is the business of the school to deepen and extend his sense of the values bound up in his home life (Dewey 263).Dewey believed that it was important for the school to implement lessons that related to what a child would do at home. The school would also be responsible for simplifying their social life because existing life is so complex that the child cannot be brought into contact with it without either confusion or amazement (Dewey 263). Therefore, if the child is exposed to too overmuch social stimulation he will become, either unduly specialized or else disintegrated (Dewey 263).I believe that Deweys views show that he is against normalization in schools. He believed that there was a lack of conscious states in schools. He asserts that children are, thrown into a passive, receptive, or gripping attitude (Dewey 265). Deweys viewpoint is still an active discussion topic in todays education system. However, some school districts insist on rote learning because their schools receive more financial support when there is a high percentage of passing students on standardized tests.According to Linda McNeil, students are taught on how to pass these tests without really learning. For example, McNeil states that, students report that in the drills on the TAAS reading section, they frequently mark answers without reading the adjudicate text. They merely match key words in an answer resource with key words in the text (McNeil 218). According to De wey, this is not permitted in imitateing the law of nature (Dewey 265), resulting in friction and waste (Dewey 265).Dewey believed that proper charge should be exemplified by, the preparation and presentation of lessons which might be more wisely and profitably expended in cookery the childs power of imagery and in seeing to it that he was continually forming definite, vivid, and incuring images of the divers(a) subjects with which he comes in contact in his experience (Dewey 266). Standardization is not they key component of education, even though the state and federal government believe this is an important element for success.According to Gerald Bracey, when students are applying to college, the sit down exam should be used as a guideline and not the final decision in acceptance. Bracey stated that the, sit down scores had been falling for fourteen years (Bracey 47). He also stated that, temporary hookup the developers of the SAT still called their test a mere supplement, the public now saw it as the atomic number 78 rod for measuring school mathematical process. And that performance was getting worse (Bracey 47). Somehow over time, a students SAT score developed into an extremely significant number which seemed to become the overall determination of a students intelligent.It seems harsh and unbalanced to put so much emphasis on one test. Of course, applicants are told that in combination with their SAT scores their grades and outside activities are taken into friendliness for college admittance. But the truth is these SAT scores still remain a huge factor for college applicants. Studies rush shown that a high SAT score does not guarantee high grades in college however the governing behind these tests are stronger than the publics opinion in order to get these tests repealed. Standardized tests do not lead the student to come into contact with the subject at hand or the experience related to it.They also do not show the overall picture of an in dividual or what he or she can contribute while attending college. Scott Thompson is against the test-based reform of todays society. Thompson claims that, The human patrol wagon and intellectuals of others, I believe, are simply too complex and too inaccessible to read as a book (Thompson 160). Thompson argues that the differences between test-based reform and standards-based reform. He concluded that standards-based reform involves more cooperation from parents, teachers and the students.It also gives the students a high-quality method of learning and not simply learning techniques for test taking. We should be interested in students who can explicate high quality work rather than students who have mastered the ability to take standardized tests (Thompson 159). Thompson would chicane to see that the idea of standardized tests be abandoned in the future.Thompson argues that by giving these students standardized tests that they are reducing their potential of demonstrating their intellect, social and personal sides to the community. Test-based reform, through its focus on high-stakes test, narrows the course of study to what is included on the tests and reduces instructional practice to test preparation (Thompson 159). In contrast, standards-based reforminvolves a complete abandonment of the bureaucratic, situation time approach to education and replaces it with a system of learning communities dedicated to helping all students make headway their intellectual, social, and personal potential (Thompson 159).To summarize, without requiring students to take standardized tests they will greatly increase their academic potential and affective abilities. Bill Bigelow also stresses his concern of standardization. He believes that, social studies knowledge is little more than acquiring piles of disconnected facts about the world (Bigelow 231) and that the world cant be chopped into multiple choice questions, in that you cant bubble in the truth with a number-tw o pencil (Bigelow 239). Bigelow would be ecstatic to see the state do away with standardized tests.He demonstrates some strong educational goals that the state should follow that show a balance between academic and affective goals for education. He claims that teachers should, construct rigorous performance standards for students that promote deep thinking about the nature of our society. These efforts should acknowledge the legitimacy of a multicultural curriculum of critical questions, complexity, multiple perspective, and social imagination. They should recognize that wisdom is more than information (Bigelow 239). I agree with his statement.When considering the known quote, knowledge is power have we gained knowledge when we have learned the means by which to pass a standardized test? Or has knowledge been gained when a student has the sense of understanding conceptual ideas about society and civilization as a whole? I feel that standardized testing is something select state of ficials want because these tests provide numbers and numbers are easy to put into a spreadsheets and show which schools are getting high scores and which schools are getting low scores. It is an easy format to delineate budgets one test is suitable for all students.It is harder to define guidelines on how or what teachers should teach conceptually because that leads to a broader spectrum of learning. In conclusion, I believe that standardized tests are the dumbing down of America. These tests inhibit our abilities to question and reflect. The state and federal governments do not really want the American public to get smarter. They want a simple way to control what students learn and how they learn it. While many people agree that standardization is not improving learning, we are still unable to do away with these tests due to all of the authorities involved.I would love for high schools to be more like colleges in that, teachers can use any(prenominal) methods of teaching they lik e just as professors do. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Obviously, there are essential fundamental topics that much be taught that are necessary in order to have the basic foundation on which to grow intellectually. I feel that once a student has mastered the basics, it is crucial to ones breeding to discuss controversial issues and to intelligently question the ways of the world.I agree with Bill Bigelow I do not believe that one test is a thorough determinant of a students ability and mastery of various concepts. A famous quote by George Santayana states, Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. With all the controversial issues and problems in the world, shouldnt learning how to use ones mind and think outside the box be considered an integral part of learning? Isnt it important and semiprecious to society to be able to intelligently discuss solutions rather than just be considered smart because you aced the SAT?